Methods to Permanently Delete Files from a Computer / How to Permanently and Securely Delete Files on Windows.

To delete file(s) without moving to the Recycle Bin first, select the folder or files and press SHIFT+Delete (at the same time) on your keyboard. Windows  asks for confirmation before it removes the files – when you are asked “Are you sure you want to permanently delete this file(s)?”, press Yes.

 

What are the Dangers of Unsecure File Deletion?

The files we delete using either SHIFT + DELETE keys or emptying the Recycle Bin only remove them from the storage device. However, as stated earlier, only their headers and pointers are removed, and the allocated space is cleared for overwriting.

If this data is not overwritten, anyone can easily recover it with the help of an advanced file recovery software. This data can be misused to harm you in numerous ways –

• Leakage or misuse of confidential data
• Identity theft
• Exposed financial information
• Loss of reputation due to data breach

 

 

Methods to Permanently Delete Files from Your Computer

It is important to be aware of secure file erasure as it can save us from situations that could harm our privacy. And it’s equally important to know ways to permanently erase files from your PC, in a secure way. Let’s look at the methods one by one.

 

 

 

Method 1: Empty the Recycle Bin

 

Emptying the Recycle bin will ensure that you or no one can casually go and restore a deleted file after it has served its purpose. Following are different ways to empty a Recycle Bin.

• Right-click on the Recycle Bin and click on Empty Recycle Bin
• Open Recycle Bin, right-click anywhere to bring a pop-up menu and then click on Empty Recycle Bin.
• Empty the Recycle Bin by clicking on Recycle Bin Tools on the menu bar and clicking on Empty Recycle Bin.

 

Method 2: Permanently delete files using File Explorer Ribbon

 

Another quick and easy way to permanently delete files from your computer is using the File Explorer ribbon. The steps are quite simple to follow –

• Open File Explorer by pressing WINDOWS + E.
• Locate the file/s you want to delete and select them.
• Click on Home in the File Explorer ribbon.
• Locate the Delete icon and click on the down arrow under it.
• Click on Permanently Delete.

 

 

Method 3: Use SHIFT + DELETE

 

If you don’t want to use the File Explorer ribbon or empty the recycle bin every time after deleting files, you can use this direct keyboard method. It is a simple method where you have to select the files and press a key combination to delete them. Here are the steps to use this method –

• Locate and select the files you wish to permanently delete.
• Press SHIFT + DELETE.

This action will permanently delete the selected file/s from your PC. Hence, be careful while using this method and ensure you don’t accidentally delete an important file.

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Computer Memory measure Unit

Memory units are used to measure and represent data. The data is stored in binary form (0 , 1).
Some of the commonly used memory units are:
BIT:- 
 It is the most basic information unit used in computing and formation theory. The smallest unit of data in a computer is called Bit (Binary Digit).
A single bit is 1 or 0, a true or false or a ‘flag’ which is on or off (use to distinguish two mutually exclusive states from each other).
A bit is abbreviated with a small “b”.

Nibble:-
Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.

BYTE:-
 A byte is a collection of 8 bits. Eight-bit or bytes also known as Octets, the octets is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunication that consist of 8 bits. The term is often used when the term 8 bytes might be ambiguous, as the byte has historically been used for storage units of a variety of sizes.

In most computer systems, a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol (for example, “g”, “5”, or “?”).

A byte is abbreviated with a capital “B”. A bit is abbreviated with a small “b”). Computer storage is usually measured in byte multiples.


Kilobyte:-
 A kilobyte is unit information or computer storage equal to 1024 bytes. It is commonly abbreviated as KB.
In practical information technology, KB is actually equal to 2¹⁰ bytes, which makes it equal to 1024 bytes. Decades ago, this unit used to be one of the most popular ones, but recently, since the volumes of information increased drastically, such unit as gigabyte has become more commonly used.

1KB= 1024 bytes
5KB= ? bytes
5×1024= 5120 bytes

Megabyte:-
 A megabyte is unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 kilobytes. It is commonly abbreviated as MB.

1 MB = 1024 KB

5 MB = ? KB
5×1024= 5120 KB

5MB = ? bytes
5×1024×1024= 6,164,480 bytes

Gigabyte:-
 A gigabyte is unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 megabytes. It is commonly abbreviated as GB.

Terabyte:-
 A terabyte is unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 gigabytes. It is commonly abbreviated as TB.

Petabyte:-
 A Petabyte is unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 Terabytes. It is commonly abbreviated as PB.

Exabyte:- 
 An Exabyte is unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 Petabytes. It is commonly abbreviated as EB.

Zettabyte:-
 A Zettabyte is unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 Exabytes. It is commonly abbreviated as ZB.

Yottabyte:-
 A Yottabyte is unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 Zettabytes. It is commonly abbreviated as YB. At this time, no computer has one Zettabyte memory.




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What is Computer Memory ? Describe of Memory classification?

Introduction:
One of the major advantages of computer is its storage capacity where huge amount of information can be stored,but how this information is represented and stored? In this chapter,we are going to learn about the various data storage devices and the units which are used to measure the stored data.

In the previous chapter,we studied the different types of input devices. But when the data and instructions are entered in the computer, Where they are stored.In fact, inside the computer, there are different storage areas where it keeps data or information permanently or temporarily while working. This storage area is known as the Memory of the computer.
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer,

The memory of the computer is divided into two categories:

1. Primary Memory

2. Secondary Memory

Primary Memory:-
This is the main memory of the computer. CPU can directly read or write on this memory. It is fixed on the motherboard of the computer.
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory.
A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
Primary memory is further divided in two types:

A) RAM (Random Access Memory)

B) ROM (Read Only Memory)

A) RAM (Random Access Memory):- 

RAM is a temporary memory. The information stored in this memory is lost as the power supply to the computer is turned off. That's 

why it is also called Volatile Memory. It stores the data and instruction given by the user and also the results produced by the computer temporarily.

B) ROM (Read only Memory)
Information stored in ROM is permanent in nature,i.e., it holds the data even if the system is switched off. It holds the starting instructions for the computer. ROM cannot be overwritten by the computer. It is also called Non-Volatile Memory.

Secondary Memory:-
This memory is permanent in nature. It is used to store the different programs and the information permanently (which were temporarily stored in RAM). It holds the information till we erase it.

Different types of secondary storage devices are:

Hard Disc, Compact Disc, DVD, Pen Drive, Flash Drive, etc.
Harddisk:
This is the main storage device of the computer which is fixed inside the CPU box. Its storage capacity is very high that varies from 200 GB to 3 TB. As it is fixed inside the CPU box.

Compact Disk:
It is a thin plastic disc coated with metal. Computer can read and write data stored on it. This is an optical storage device with a storage capacity of up to 700 MB and it can store varieties of data like pictures,sounds,movies,texts,etc.

CD-ROM:
CD-ROM refers to Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. Data or information is recorded at the time of manufacturing and it can only be read. A CD-ROM cannot be used to record fresh data by the computer.

CD-R:
CD-R is the short form of Compact Disc-Recordable. Data can be written on it once and can be read whenever required. The data written once cannot be erased.

CD-RW:
CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Re-writable. CD-RW can be used to write information over and over again,i.e,previous information can be erased and new information can be written on it using a CD writer fixed inside the CPU box.

DVD:
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. It is an optical storage device which reads data faster than a CD.A single layer,single sided DVD can store data up to 4.7 GB,i.e,around 6 times than that of CD and a double layer DVD can store data up to 17.08 GB,i.e.,around 25 times that of CD. Though DVDs look just like CDs,they can hold much more data,for example,a full length movie.

Flash Drive:
It is an electronic memory device popularly known as pen drive in which data can be stored permanently and erased when not needed. It is a portable storage device that can be easily connected and removed from the CPU to store data in it. It's capacity can vary form 2 GB to 256 GB.

Blue Ray:
This is a newly invented optical data storage device whose storage capacity can be form 25 GB up to 200 GB. It is mainly used to store high quality sound and movie data. They are the scratch resistant discs,that’s why,storing data on these is much safer than a CD OR DVD.

So,these are some the common devices we use to store information and data in the computer.

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What is Computer Hardware ? Explain Hardware device classification.

Computer hardware refers to the physical devices that make up a computer. Examples include the keyboard, monitor and disk drive.

Hardware devices can be classified into four distinct categories:

• Input devices: For raw data input.
• Processing devices: To process raw data instructions into information.
  
• Output devices: To disseminate data and information.
• Storage devices: For data and information retention.

1. Input Devices

Components which are used to input raw data are categorized under input devices. They aid in feeding data such as text, images, and audiovisual recordings. They even aid in file transfers between computers.

The keyboard is probably the most commonly used input device. Below are just some other types of input devices.

Input Type	Examples
Pointing Device	Mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, multi-touch screen, pen input, motion sensor, graphics tablet, interactive smartboard, and fingerprint scanner.
Game Controller	Joystick, gamepad, and steering wheel.
Audio Input Device	Microphone and midi keyboard.
Bluetooth Peripheral	Keyboard, mouse, headset, gamepad, printer.
Visual and Imaging Device	Webcam, digital camera, digital camcorder, TV capture card, biometric scanner, and barcode reader.
Network Device	Ethernet hardware and Bluetooth/wireless hardware.

2. Processing Devices

Processing is the core function of a computer. It is the stage where raw data is transformed into information. Once data has been processed, it can be used for useful 

The microprocessor is the major device in this category. It works closely with primary memory during its operations. Data is stored temporarily in processor cache and primary memory during the processing period.

The microprocessor is subdivided into three important units, which work together in order to accomplish its function. The units are:

• The control unit: It manages and supervises the operations of the processor and other components that are crucial in data manipulation.
• Arithmetic and logic unit: The ALU is responsible for all arithmetic and logic operations like addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, and comparison logic operations.
• Register and cache: These are storage locations inside the processor that respond to the instructions of the control unit by moving relevant data around during processin

3. Output Devices

Hardware components that disseminate and display both data and information are classified under the output category.

Output is the culmination of a cycle which starts with the input of raw data and processing.

These components are sub-categorized under softcopy and hardcopy output.

Softcopy output includes the intangible experience. The user derives visual satisfaction by reading a message through display components or listens to audio files through speakers.

On the other hand, hardcopy output devices are tangible, like printouts of paper and 3D model

Popular Softcopy Devices

Visual display devices include:

• Monitor

• Projection display

• smartboard

• Touchscreen

Sound devices include:

• Speakers
• Headphones and earphones

USB input/output includes:

• Flash drives

• External drives

• Optical drives

Popular Hardcopy Devices

Impact printers include:

• Dot matrix printer

• 3D printer

Non-impact printers include:

• Inkjet printer

• Laserjet printer

• Thermal printer

4. Memory/Storage Devices

Components that retain/store data are classified under memory/storage devices.

Storage is sub-divided under primary and secondary memory and is either volatile or nonvolatile.

Primary memory usually refers to random-access memory (RAM) but can also refer to all memory that works in tandem with the processor. RAM is volatile, meaning that it retains data only when the computer is powered up.

The central processing unit (CPU) or accelerated processing unit (APU) reads instructions stored in this memory and executes them as required.

Secondary memory is labeled as such because data stored within secondary storage media (usually disk drives) do not communicate directly with the microprocessor. Any data stored in such media is first transferred to a RAM device for processing to take place.

This type of memory is also non-volatile since it permits long time storage as opposed to volatile memory.

To give some examples of these devices, primary memory includes:

• DRAM
• SRAM
• ROM

Secondary memory is subdivided into two categories:

• Internal devices are designed to be placed inside the computer at all times. Examples include hard disk and solid state disk drives.

• External devices are plug and play media used to transfer files between computers. Examples include optical disks, flash disks, and external disk drive.

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